Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Their Elimination: 2016 by Elizabeth N. Pearce

Description: This volume summarizes the current understanding of the effects of severe and mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency as well as iodine excess. It also discusses best practices for salt iodization, the mainstay of global IDD prevention efforts, and other forms of food fortification. The effectiveness of iodine supplementation for vulnerable populations, an evolving strategy in many regions, is also described. Iodine is an essential micronutrient and an integral component of the thyroid hormones, which are required for normal growth and development. The iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) encompass a spectrum of adverse health effects including goiter, cretinism, hypothyroidism, growth retardation, and increased pregnancy loss and infant mortality. Thyroid hormone is particularly crucial for neurodevelopment in early life. Insufficient maternal iodine intake during pregnancy may result in neurological and cognitive deficits in children. Salt iodization and other preventive strategies have substantially improved iodine nutrition worldwide. Consequently, severely iodine-deficient regions are uncommon at present and public health concern has shifted toward mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. Despite gains, however, IDD is still considered the leading preventable cause of intellectual impairment worldwide. Excessive iodine intake can cause alterations in thyroid function in susceptible individuals; defining safe upper levels for chronic iodine intake has been challenging. Low-level environmental exposure to chemicals such as perchlorate and thiocyanate which competitively block thyroidal iodine uptake appears to be ubiquitous worldwide. There has been recent concern that such environmental exposures might pose a health hazard by inducing or aggravating underlying thyroid dysfunction. This up-to-date volume explores both the effects of iodine deficiency as well as the best strategies for prevention.

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